Thursday 16 February 2012

Why Are Planets Sphere?

Stars are perfect examples of natural spheres. the mass of a star is mind-boggling, large and creates  and equally mind-boggling large amount of gravity. What shape does Mother Nature give to so much mass to minimize its enormous value? A sphere.
(Stars like our Sun are huge, dynamic, energy-producing concentrations of Hydrogen and Helium,  compacted by their enormous gravity into spheres.)
The reason planets appear so spherical is because gravity compresses the planet into a shape that most evenly distributes the gravitational force among the planet's mass.
Whether it is shaping water droplets, stars, soap bubbles or planets, nature seeks to minimize the surface area needed to contain a given volume, and the shape that keeps volume at the absolute minimum a sphere.
Any object in weightless space larger than a couple of hundred miles in diameter has enough mass for its gravity to overcome large-scale irregularities and force it into a spherical shape. The gravitational compression also generates significant amounts of heat at the center of the planet. This heat melts, or at least soften, any solid materials within the planet, facilitating the planet's collapse into a sphere.
Objects in space smaller than about 100 miles in diameter, such as most asteroids, comet nuclei, and small moons, lack the mass to create a gravtational field strength strong enough to compress themselves into spheres. These little spheres are often taken on what I call the 'sick potato' look.
(The 12.5 miles long, 7.5 mile wide asteroid Gaspra, imaged October 1991 from a distance of 1600 miles  by the Galelio spacecraft en route to Jupiter)
A really large asteriod, such as Ceres (diameter = 600 miles), has enough mass for its gravity to compress it into a sphere.
(The 600 mile-wide asteroid Ceres as seen by the Hubble Space Telescope)
However, 'perfect' spheres are hard to find in space.
Pretty much everything in space rotates, and a rotating non-rigid sphere causes it to 'bulge' at its equator from the centrifugal forces acting on it.
This spinning distorted large planets into a slightly squashed shape known as an 'oblate spheroid'. This means that a planet's diameter measured through its poles is smaller than the diameter measured through its equator.
Whereas the difference between the polar diameter and the equatorial diameter of Earth is a barely noticeable 0.3%, the oblateness of Saturn, a large, gaseous and rapidly spinning planet, is greater than 10%. You can easily see Saturn's polar flattening through a telescope.
(Saturn's polar diameter is 33,700 miles, but its equatorial diameter is 37,360 miles) 

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